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Foreign Exchange Option. Money Management. In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre- agreed exchange rate on a specified date. Most trading is over the counter (OTC) and is lightly regulated, but a fraction is traded on exchanges like the International Securities Exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for options on futures contracts. The global market for exchange- traded currency options was notionally valued by the Bank for International Settlements at $1. For example, a GBPUSD contract could give the owner the right to sell ? December 3. 1. In this case the pre- agreed exchange rate, or strike price, is 2. USD per GBP (or GBP/USD 2. GBPUSD) ? 1,0. 00,0. GBP = 1. 00,0. 00 USD in the process. If instead they take the profit in GBP (by selling the USD on the spot market) this amounts to 1. GBP. To the contrary, much of the time corporates seem to use FX options to paper over accounting problems, or to disguise the true cost of speculative positioning, or sometimes to solve internal control problems. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service. Options are typically portrayed as a form of financial insurance, no less useful than property and casualty insurance. This glossy rationale masks the reality: if it is insurance then a currency option is akin to buying theft insurance to protect against flood risk. In reality currency options do provide excellent vehicles for corporates' speculative positioning in the guise of hedging. Corporates would go better if they didn't believe the disguise was real. In this Chapter I argue the joint study of these two strands of literature and give an overview of FX option pricing concepts and terminology crucial for this interdisciplinary study. I also explain the three sources of information about market expectations and perception of risk that can be extracted from FX option prices and review empirical methods for extracting option- implied densities of future exchange rates. As an illustration, I conclude the Chapter by investigating time series dynamics of option- implied measures of FX risk vis- a- vis market events and US government policy actions during the period January 2. December 2. 00. 8. Chapter 2: This Chapter proposes using foreign exchange (FX) options with different strike prices and maturities to capture both FX expectations and risks. We show that exchange rate movements, which are notoriously difficult to model empirically, are well- explained by the term structures of forward premia and options- based measures of FX expectations and risk. Although this finding is to be expected, expectations and risk have been largely ignored in empirical exchange rate modeling. Using daily options data for six major currency pairs, we first show that the cross section options- implied standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis consistently explain not only the conditional mean but also the entire conditional distribution of subsequent currency excess returns for horizons ranging from one week to twelve months. Countless individuals and companies around the world rely on these rates to settle financial contracts, and this reliance is premised on faith in the fundamental integrity of these benchmarks. The market only works if people have confidence that the process of setting these benchmarks is fair, not corrupted by manipulation by some of the biggest banks in the world.”. The Commission finalized rules to implement the Dodd- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act regarding Regulation of Off- Exchange Retail Foreign Exchange Transactions and Intermediaries. These include, among others, FCMs and affiliates of FCMs. FCMs and their affiliates that are not also regulated as one of the other enumerated financial entities, remain subject to the Commission's anti- fraud jurisdiction with respect to foreign currency transactions. Then, we document a finding that the stock variance risk premium can also predict the exchange rate return at a short 1- month horizon. Thus, currency and stock variance risk premiums seem to contain differential information content for the exchange rate return. This is confirmed by the fact that stock and currency variance premiums are poorly correlated with each other and by the evidence that the currency variance premium is not a useful predictor for local stock market returns. Even more » Account Options. Sign in; Search settings. AutoZone Repair and Product Videos. If you own an older Ford or Mercury full-size sedan with leaking or worn-out air-ride suspension, this conversion kit is for you. It's only available via the Techinfo online subscription service, or a similar service like Alldata. In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the. The requirements are similar to a recently enacted Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) rule governing retail forex transactions by CFTC registrants. The final rule is effective on July 1. National banks that were engaged in a retail forex business prior to July 1. 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How to Read the Currency Futures Options Table (with a bit of theory) By Dr. William Pugh Example of a currency futures option tables using the Swiss Franc. Currency Futures and Currency Options refer to a standardized foreign exchange contract traded on a recognized stock exchange. Options involve risks and are not suitable for everyone. Prior to buying or selling options, an investor must receive a copy of. Binary Options vs Forex . Options - Discover The Difference. FX binary options are simpler and easier to trade than traditional forex. Trade currency pairs with binaries. For commercial purposes, get an automated currency feed through the XE .. To accomplish this, the firm may acquire a foreign currency call option. COMMISSION ADVISORY. The currency futures and options markets are volatile and contain substantial risks for unsophisticated customers. Wall Stree Journal; Facebook; Twitter; Linked. In; Four. Square; Google+; You. Tube; Podcasts .. Online currency trading is offered by dozens of different retail trading brokerage firms operating from all over the world, so .. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Trading in CFDs related to foreign exchange, commodities,indices and other underlying variables, .. The Foreign Exchange Market - colorado. Economics/courses/boileau/4. PDF. 3. 6 Foreign Exchange Rates and Quotations A foreign exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency. A foreign exchange quotation or quote is a statement of .. Get live buy and sell prices, $5. K of virtual money and access to trading 2. Profits or losses accrue as the exchange .. Forex Trading News, Forex Rates, Forex Education, Economic Calendar, Trader contests.. Learn more.. Jeffus Last modified by: Wendy M. Jeffus Created Date: 1. PM Company: The Brattle Group. Forex Trading News & Analysis. Daily. FX is the leading portal for forex trading news, charts, indicators and analysis. 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Coilgun - Wikipedia. A Coilgun or Gauss rifle is a type of projectile accelerator consisting of one or more coils used as electromagnets in the configuration of a linear motor that accelerate a ferromagnetic or conducting projectile to high velocity. It is not a rifle as the barrel is not rifled. The coils are switched on and off in a precisely timed sequence, causing the projectile to be accelerated quickly along the barrel via magnetic forces. Coilguns are distinct from railguns, as the direction of acceleration in a railgun is at right angles to the central axis of the current loop formed by the conducting rails. In addition, railguns usually require the use of sliding contacts to pass a large current through the projectile or sabot but coilguns do not necessarily require sliding contacts. It was powered by a large electrical motor and generator. A single- stage coilgun uses one electromagnet to propel a projectile. A multistage coilgun uses several electromagnets in succession to progressively increase the speed of the projectile. Ferromagnetic projectiles. This type of coilgun is formed like the solenoid used in an electromechanical relay, i. A large current is pulsed through the coil of wire and a strong magnetic field forms, pulling the projectile to the center of the coil. When the projectile nears this point the electromagnet must be switched off, to prevent the projectile from becoming arrested at the center of the electromagnet. In a multistage design, further electromagnets are then used to repeat this process, progressively accelerating the projectile. In common coilgun designs, the . Power is supplied to the electromagnet from some sort of fast discharge storage device, typically a battery, or high- capacity high voltage capacitors (one per electromagnet), designed for fast energy discharge. A diode is used to protect polarity sensitive components (such as semiconductors or electrolytic capacitors) from damage due to inverse polarity of the voltage after turning off the coil. Many hobbyists use low- cost rudimentary designs to experiment with coilguns, for example using photoflash capacitors from a disposable camera, or a capacitor from a standard cathode- ray tube television as the energy source, and a low inductance coil to propel the projectile forward. A traveling superconducting coil might be made to ride this wave like a surfboard. The device would be a mass driver or linear synchronous motor with the propulsion energy stored directly in the drive coils. By having the projectile pulled towards or levitated within the center of the coils as it is accelerated, no physical friction with the walls of the bore occurs. If the bore is a total vacuum (such as a tube with a plasma window) there is no friction at all which helps prolonged reusability. There are several common solutions—the simplest (and probably least effective) is the spark gap, which releases the stored energy through the coil when the voltage reaches a certain threshold. A better option is to use solid- state switches; these include IGBTs or power MOSFETs (which can be switched off mid- pulse) and SCRs (which release all stored energy before turning off). By wiring it in series with the coil, it can silently and non- destructively (assuming that the energy in the capacitor is kept below the tube's safe operating limits) allow a large amount of current to pass through to the coil. Like any flash tube, ionizing the gas in the tube with a high voltage triggers it. However, a large amount of the energy will be dissipated as heat and light, and, due to the tube being a spark gap, the tube will stop conducting once the voltage across it drops sufficiently, leaving some charge remaining on the capacitor. Resistance. However, as speeds climb, mechanical power grows proportional to the speed, but, correctly switched, the resistive losses are largely unaffected, and thus these resistive losses become much smaller in percentage terms. Magnetic circuit. If a 1. 00% efficiency coilgun was possible, it would also be possible to reconvert the kinetic energy of the projectile into electricity by making the projectile arrive into another coilgun, but this would counterdict 2nd principle. With a simple air- cored solenoid, the majority of the magnetic flux is not coupled into the projectile because of the magnetic circuit's high reluctance. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. The DOS (Denial of service) attack is one of the more powerful hacks, capable of completely taking a server down. In this way, the server will not be able to handle. Buy PC games CD Keys, console games, and game cards. Buy your games in retail box or digital download on Steam, Origin, Sony PSN, Xbox Live. The uncoupled flux generates a magnetic field that stores energy in the surrounding air. The energy that is stored in this field does not simply disappear from the magnetic circuit once the capacitor finishes discharging, instead returning to the coilgun's electric circuit. Because the coilgun's electric circuit is inherently analogous to an LC oscillator, the unused energy returns in the reverse direction ('ringing'), which can seriously damage polarized capacitors such as electrolytic capacitors. Reverse charging can be prevented by a diode connected in reverse- parallel across the capacitor terminals; as a result, the current keeps flowing until the diode and the coil's resistance dissipate the field energy as heat. While this is a simple and frequently utilized solution, it requires an additional expensive high- power diode and a well- designed coil with enough thermal mass and heat dissipation capability in order to prevent component failure. Some designs attempt to recover the energy stored in the magnetic field by using a pair of diodes. These diodes, instead of being forced to dissipate the remaining energy, recharge the capacitors with the right polarity for the next discharge cycle. This will also avoid the need to fully recharge the capacitors, thus significantly reducing charge times. However, the practicality of this solution is limited by the resulting high recharge current through the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitors; the ESR will dissipate some of the recharge current, generating heat within the capacitors and potentially shortening their lifetime. To reduce component size, weight, durability requirements, and most importantly, cost, the magnetic circuit must be optimized to deliver more energy to the projectile for a given energy input. This has been addressed to some extent by the use of back iron and end iron, which are pieces of magnetic material that enclose the coil and create paths of lower reluctance in order to improve the amount of magnetic flux coupled into the projectile. Results can vary widely, depending on the materials used; hobbyist designs may use, for example, materials ranging anywhere from magnetic steel (more effective, lower reluctance) to video tape (little improvement in reluctance). Moreover, the additional pieces of magnetic material in the magnetic circuit can potentially exacerbate the possibility of flux saturation and other magnetic losses. Ferromagnetic projectile saturation. When the flux in the projectile lies in the linear portion of its material's B(H) curve, the force applied to the core is proportional to the square of coil current (I)—the field (H) is linearly dependent on I, B is linearly dependent on H and force is linearly dependent on the product BI. This relationship continues until the core is saturated; once this happens B will only increase marginally with H (and thus with I), so force gain is linear. Since losses are proportional to I2, increasing current beyond this point eventually decreases efficiency although it may increase the force. This puts an absolute limit on how much a given projectile can be accelerated with a single stage at acceptable efficiency. Projectile magnetization and reaction time. The hysteresis means that the projectile becomes permanently magnetized and some energy will be lost as a permanent magnetic field of the projectile. The projectile reaction time, on the other hand, makes the projectile reluctant to respond to abrupt B changes; the flux will not rise as fast as desired while current is applied and a B tail will occur after the coil field has disappeared. This delay decreases the force, which would be maximized if the H and B were in phase. Induction coilguns. In these systems, the projectile is accelerated by a moving coil . If the armature is configured as one or more . However, the practical construction of such arrangements requires the provision of reliable high speed sliding contacts. Although feeding current to a multi- turn coil armature might not require currents as large as those required in a railgun, the elimination of the need for high speed sliding contacts is an obvious potential advantage of the induction coilgun relative to the railgun. Air cored systems also introduce the penalty that much higher currents may be needed than in an . Ultimately though, subject to the provision of appropriately rated power supplies, air cored systems can operate with much greater magnetic field strengths than . In 1. 97. 8, Bondaletov in the USSR achieved record acceleration with a single stage by sending a 2- gram ring to 5. The coilgun would be relatively silent with no smoke giving away its position, though a coilgun projectile would still create a sonic boom if supersonic. Adjustable yet smooth acceleration of the projectile throughout the barrel can allow somewhat higher velocity, with a predicted range increase of 3. EM mortar over the conventional version of similar length. With no separate propellant charges to load, the researchers envision the firing rate to approximately double. Ford class aircraft carriers. An experimental induction coilgun version of an Electromagnetic Missile Launcher (EMML) has been tested for launching Tomahawk missiles. Challenging and corresponding to a magnitude of capital investment that few entities could readily fund, gigantic coilguns with projectile mass and velocity on the scale of gigajoules of kinetic energy (as opposed to megajoules or less) have not been developed so far, but such have been proposed as launchers from the Moon or from Earth: An ambitious lunar- base proposal considered within a 1. Download - Update. Star - Update. Star. Download the. free trial version below to get started. Double- click the downloaded file. Update. Star is compatible with Windows platforms. Update. Star has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with. Windows 1. 0, 8. 1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2. Windows. XP, 3. 2 bit and 6. Simply double- click the downloaded file to install it. Update. Star Free and Update. Star Premium come with the same installer. Update. 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Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah atau lebih dikenali sebagai Hamka (lahir di Kampung Molek, Maninjau, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia pada 17 Februari 1908 - 24 Julai 1981. Ingin melamar kerja? CV (daftar riwayat hidup) kamu harus unik & menarik. Berbagai contoh CV (daftar riwayat hidup) lamaran kerja ini akan menginspirasimu! You have not yet voted on this site! If you have already visited the site, please help us classify the good from the bad by voting on this site. H (8. 70. M), kadang- kadang Beliau mendapat sebutan orang Turki, sebab ayahnya sebagai orang Iran menikah dengan wanita Turki. Beberapa hal yang dapat kita ketahui tentang latar belakang keluarga Al- farabi adalah bahwa ayahnya seorang Opsir tentara pada Dinasti Samaniyyah yang menguasai wilayah Transoxiana wilayah otonom Bani Abbasyyah. Ayahnya mengabdi pada pangeran- pangeran Dinasti Samaniyyah. Penguasaan terhadap Iran, Turkistan dan Kurdistan sangat dia pahami, justru bahasa Yunani dan Suryani sebagai bahasa Ilmu Pengetahuan pada masa itu belum dia kuasai. Pendidikan dasarnya ditempuh di Farab, yang penduduknya bermazhab Syafii. Beliau belajar disana kurang lebih 1. Dengan berbekal ketajaman integensi sejak awal, dan mendapat karunia besar untuk menguasai hamper semua pelajaran yang dipelajari, Ia segera terkenal sebagai seorang filosof dan ilmuwan. Beliau juga belajar kepada seorang Kristen Nestorian, tokoh filsafat aliran Alexandria yang banyak menterjemahkan filsafat Yunani, yaitu Yuhana Ibn Hailan yang sekaligus mengajak Al Farabi pergi ke Konstantinopel dan tinggal di sana selama 8 tahun guna mendalami filsafat. Sepulang dari Konstantinopel, Al Farabi mencurahkan diri dalam belajar, mengajar, dan menulis filsafat. Pandangan al- Farabi tentang filsafat terbukti dengan usahanya untuk mengahiri kontradiksi antara pemikiran Plato dengan Aristoteles melalui risalahnya . Di tempat ini beliau bertemu dengan para sastrawan, penyair, ahli bahasa, ahli fiqih, dan cendekiawan lainnya. Di Damaskus Al Farabi bekerja di siang hari sebagai tukang kebun, dan pada malam hari belajar teks- teks filsafat. Al Farabi terkenal sangat saleh dan zuhud. Al- Farabi hanya membutuhkan empat dirham untuk sekedar memenuhi kehidupan sehari- hari. Sedangkan tunjangannya, Beliau bagikan kepada fakir- miskin dan amal sosial di Aleppo dan Damaskus. Kurang lebih 1. 0 tahun Al- Farabi hidup di dua kota tersebut secara berpindah- pindah. Bagi al Farabi, tujuan filsafat dan agama sama, yaitu mengetahui semua wujud. Hanya saja filsafat memakai dalil- dalil yang yakini dan ditujukan kepada golongan tertentu, sedang agama memakai cara iqna’i (pemuasan perasaan), dan kiasan- kiasan, serta gambaran, dan ditujukan kepada semua orang, bangsa, dan negara. Dia juga berpendapat bahwa tidak ada pertentangan antara filsafat Plato dan Aristoteles, sebab kelihatan berlainan pemikirannya tetapi hakikatnya mereka bersatu dalam tujuannya. Al Farabi mendasarkan hidupnya atas kemurnian jiwa, bahwa kebersihan jiwa dari kotoran- kotoran merupakan syarat pertama bagi pandangan filsafat dan buahnya. Al Farabi mempunyai dasar berfilsafat adalah memperdalam ilmu dengan segala yang maujud hingga membawa pengenalan Allah sebagai penciptanya. Dengan arah ke situ, maka filsafat adalah ilmu satu- satunya yang dapat menghamparkan di depan kita dengan gambaran yang lengkap mengenai cakrawala dengan segala cosmosnya (kaum). Bahwa Ia Esa dan tidak bergerak, bahwa Ia menjadi sebab yang aktif bagi semua yang ada, bahwa Ia yang mengatur alam ini dengan kemurahan, kebijaksanaan, dan keadilan- Nya. Semua tindakan tersebut dapat diteliti mengenai tujuannya, dan apa yang membuat manusia dapat melakukan seperti itu, dan bagaimana yang mengatur, memelihara tindakan dengan cara yang baik dapat diteliti. Dengan kata lain, politik adalah bentuk operasional dari pemerintah dan raja. Pemerintah, raja, atau penguasa ini haruslah orang yang paling unggul, baik dalam bidang intelektual maupun moralnya diantara yang ada. Kemudian makna . Sedangkan makna . Seperti ilmu mantiq (logika), matematika, atau ilmu juzz’iyyat lainnya. Seperti wujud cahaya yang tidak akan ada, kalau sekiranya tidak ada matahari. Cahaya itu sendiri menurut tabiatnya bisa wujud dan bisa tidak wujud. Dengan kata lain cahaya adalah wujud yang mungkin. Karena matahari telah wujud maka cahaya itu menjadi wujud yang nyata karena matahari. Wujud ini adalah wujud yang tabiatnya itu sendiri menghendaki wujud- Nya, yaitu wujud yang diperkirakan tidak ada, maka akan timbul kemusyrikan. Kalau itu tidak ada, maka yang lainpun tidak akan ada sama sekali. Ia adalah sebab pertama bagi semua wujud yang ada. Dan wujud yang wajib ada inilah Tuhan. Ia tidak berbeda dari zat- Nya. Tuhan merupakan akal (pikiran) murni, karena yang menghalang- halangi sesuatu untuk menjadi objek pemikiran adalah benda, maka sesuatu itu berada. Apabila wujud sesuatu tidak membutuhkan benda, maka sesuatu itu benar- benar akal. Demikian juga zat- Nya juga menjadi obyek pemikiran Tuhan sendiri (ma’qul), karena yang menghalang- halangi untuk menjadi obyek pemikiran adalah benda pula. Jadi, ia adalah obyek pemikiran, karena ia adalah akal pikiran. Ia tidak membutuhkan sesuatu yang lain untuk memikirkan zat- Nya sendiri, tetapi cukup dengan zat- Nya itu sendiri pula untuk menjadi obyek pemikiran. Dengan demikian zat Tuhan yang satu itu juga akal (pikiran), zat yang berfikir, dan zat yang dipikirkan, atau ia menjadi aqal, . Berdasarkan wahyu dan ilhamlah segala kaidah dan sendi- sendinya menjadi tegak. Dalam ajaran Islam, wahyu merupakan sumber inspirasi yang pasti, yang harus dijadikan pedoman baginya dalam operasionalisasi ajaran. Ciri khas seorang nabi bagi al Farabi adalah mempunyai daya imaginasi yang kuat di mana obyek inderawi dari luar tidak dapat mempengaruhinya. Ketika ia berhubungan dengan . Wahyu adalah limpahan dari Tuhan melalui . Dalam hal ini kita bias melihat teori sufi yang merupakan bagian dari pandangan filosofis Al Farabi. Bukti yang paling kuat dalam masalah ini adalah adanya korelasi yang kuat untuk menghubungkan tasawuf dengan teori- teori Al farabi yang lain, baik psikologis, moral, maupun politik. Sebagai cirri khas dari teori tasawuf yang dikatakan Al Farabi adalah pada asas rasional. Tasawuf Al Farabi bukanlah tasawuf spiritual semata yang hanya berlandaskan kepada sikap menerangi jism dan menjauh dari segala kelezatan guna mensucikan jiwa dan meningkat menuju derajat- derajat kesempurnaan, tetapi tasawufnya adalah tasawuf yang berlandaskan pada studi. Sedangkan kesucian jiwa menurutnya tidak akan sempurna apabila hanya melalui jalur tubuh dan amal- amal badaniyah semata, tetapi secara esensial juga harus melalui jalur akal dan tindakan- tindakan pemikiran. Dengan demikian, meski sudak memiliki keutamaan alamiah jasmaniyah, tetap harus ada keutamaan- keutamaan rasional teoritis. Dan itulah tingkat akal mustafad, dimana ia siap menerima emanasi seluruh objek rasional dari akal aktif. Dengan demikian, perilaku berfikir adalah perilaku yang dapat mewujudkan kebahagiaan bagi manusia. Sebagian di antaranya berupa perilaku kognitif dan sebagian lain berupa perilaku fisik, serta bukan dengan semua perilaku yang sesuai, tetapi dengan perilaku terbatas dan terukur yang berasal dari berbagai situasi dan bakat yang terbatas dan terukur. Perilaku berkeinginan yang bermanfaat dalam mencapai kebahagiaan adalah perilaku yang baik. Situasi dan bakat yang menjadi sumber perilaku yang baik adalah adalah keutamaan- keutamaan. Kebaikan tersebut bukan semata- mata untuk kebaikan itu sendiri, tetapi kebaikan demi mencapai kebahagiaan. Perilaku yang menghambat kebahagiaan adalah kejahatan, yaitu perilaku yang buruk. Situasi dan bakat yang membentuk perilaku buruk adalah kekurangan, kehinaan, dan kenistaan. Tetapi hal ini hanya terbatas pada penulisan kerangka Organom, dalam versi yang dikenal oleh para sejarah Arab pada saat itu. Al Farabi menyatakan bahwa: . Menurrutnya, logika mempunyai kedudukan yang mudah dimengerti, sebagaimana hubungan antara tata bahasa dengan kata- kata, dan ilmu mantra dengan syair. Ia menekankan praktek dan penggunaan aspek logika, dengan menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman dapat diuji lewat aturan- aturannya, sebagaimana dimensi, volume, dan massa ditentukan oleh ukuran. Sementara pengetahuan totalitas terwujud melalui pengetahuan parsial, atau pemahaman universal merupakan hasil penginderaan terhadap hal- hal yang parsial. Jiwa mengetahui dengan daya. Dan indera adalah jalan yang dimanfaatkan jiwa untuk memperoleh pengetahuan kemanusiaan. Sedangkan pengetahuan universal dan esensi segala sesuatu hanya dapat diperoleh melalui akal. Akal teoritis ini di bagi lagi menjadi dua, yaitu: 1) Akal fisik (material), Akal fisik, atau sebagaimana sering di sebut Al Farabi sebagai akal potensial, adalah jiwa atau bagian jiwa atau unsur yang mempunyai kekuatan mengabstraksi dan menyerap esensi pada setiap hal yang ada tanpa disertai materinya. Akal terbiasa/bakat (habitual), merupakan rasionalisasi dari akal fisik, ketika akal fisik telah mengabtraksi maka dengan begitu seseorang kemudian akan mencari objek untuk membuktikan fisik tersebut karena akal bakat/habitual/aktual akan menjadi aktif jika disandarkan pada objek rasional yang dipikirkan oleh seseoarang sedangkan objek rasional yang belum dipikirkan adalah potensi. Ketika akal aktual menghasilkan semua objek akal maka seseorang akan menjadi manusia sejati dengan mengunkan realisasi akal yang telah dikembangkan. Ia merupakan dasar fisika dan astronomi. Bidang utama garapannya ialah memecahkan masalah yang Esa dan yang banyak dan pembandingan antara yang berubah dan yang tetap. Al Farabi berpendapat bahwa yang Esa, yaitu Tuhan, yang ada dengan sendirinya. Karena itu, ia tidak memerlukan yang lain bagi adanya atau keperluannya. Ia mampu mengetahui dirinya sendiri. Menurut Al Farabi, Tuhan adalah akal pikiran yang bukan berupa benda. Tuhan mengetahui zat- Nya dan mengetahui bahwa Ia menjadi dasar susunan wujud yang sebaik- baiknya. Jadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa akal Tuhan adalah aqil (berpikir), dan ma’qul (dipikirkan), melalui ta’aqul, Tuhan dapat mulai ciptaan- Nya. Ketika Tuhan mulai memikirkan, timbullah suatu wujud baru atau akal baru yang disebut yang disebut Al Farabi dengan sebutan Al Aqlul Awwal (akal yang pertama). Pendidikan di Indonesia - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas. Pendidikan di Indonesia adalah seluruh pendidikan yang diselenggarakan di Indonesia, baik itu secara terstruktur maupun tidak terstruktur. Secara terstruktur, pendidikan di Indonesia menjadi tanggung jawab Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia (Kemdikbud), dahulu bernama Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia (Depdiknas). Di Indonesia, semua penduduk wajib mengikuti program wajib belajar pendidikan dasar selama sembilan tahun, enam tahun di sekolah dasar/madrasah ibtidaiyah dan tiga tahun di sekolah menengah pertama/madrasah tsanawiyah. Saat ini, pendidikan di Indonesia diatur melalui Undang- Undang Nomor 2. Tahun 2. 00. 3 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Pendidikan di Indonesia terbagi ke dalam tiga jalur utama, yaitu formal, nonformal, dan informal. Pendidikan juga dibagi ke dalam empat jenjang, yaitu anak usia dini, dasar, menengah, dan tinggi. Belanda memperkenalkan sistem pendidikan formal bagi penduduk Hindia- Belanda (cikal bakal Indonesia), meskipun terbatas bagi kalangan tertentu yang terbatas. Sistem yang mereka perkenalkan secara kasar sama saja dengan struktur yang ada sekarang, dengan tingkatan sebagai berikut: Sejak tahun 1. Belanda memperkenalkan pendidikan formal terbatas bagi hampir semua provinsi di Hindia Belanda. Jenjang pendidikan adalah tahapan pendidikan yang ditetapkan berdasarkan tingkat perkembangan peserta didik, tujuan yang akan dicapai, dan kemampuan yang dikembangkan. Mengacu Undang- undang Nomor 2. Tahun 2. 00. 3, Pasal 1 Butir 1. Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, Pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) adalah suatu upaya pembinaan yang ditujukan bagi anak sejak lahir sampai dengan usia enam tahun yang dilakukan melalui pemberian rangsangan pendidikan untuk membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jasmani dan rohani agar anak memiliki kesiapan dalam memasuki pendidikan lebih lanjut. Pendidikan dasar merupakan jenjang pendidikan awal selama 9 (sembilan) yaitu Sekolah Dasar (SD) selama 6 tahun dan Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) selama 3 tahun. Pendidikan dasar merupakan Program Wajib Belajar. Pendidikan menengah merupakan jenjang pendidikan lanjutan pendidikan dasar, yaitu Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) selama 3 tahun waktu tempuh pendidikan. Pendidikan tinggi adalah jenjang pendidikan setelah pendidikan menengah yang mencakup program pendidikan diploma, sarjana, magister, doktor, dan spesialis yang diselenggarakan oleh perguruan tinggi. Jalur pendidikan adalah wahana yang dilalui peserta didik untuk mengembangkan potensi diri dalam suatu proses pendidikan yang sesuai dengan tujuan pendidikan. Pendidikan formal merupakan pendidikan yang diselenggarakan di sekolah- sekolah pada umumnya. Jalur pendidikan ini mempunyai jenjang pendidikan yang jelas, mulai dari pendidikan dasar, pendidikan menengah, sampai pendidikan tinggi. Pendidikan nonformal paling banyak terdapat pada usia dini, serta pendidikan dasar, adalah TPA, atau Taman Pendidikan Al Quran,yang banyak terdapat di setiap mesjid dan Sekolah Minggu, yang terdapat di semua gereja. Selain itu, ada juga berbagai kursus, diantaranya kursus musik, bimbingan belajar dan sebagainya. Pendidikan informal adalah jalur pendidikan keluarga dan lingkungan berbentuk kegiatan belajar secara mandiri yang dilakukan secara sadar dan bertanggung jawab. Jenis pendidikan adalah kelompok yang didasarkan pada kekhususan tujuan pendidikan suatu satuan pendidikan. Pendidikan umum merupakan pendidikan dasar dan menengah yang mengutamakan perluasan pengetahuan yang diperlukan oleh peserta didik untuk melanjutkan pendidikan ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi. Bentuknya: sekolah dasar (SD), sekolah menengah pertama (SMP), dan sekolah menengah atas (SMA). Pendidikan kejuruan merupakan pendidikan menengah yang mempersiapkan peserta didik terutama untuk bekerja dalam bidang tertentu. Bentuk satuan pendidikannya adalah sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK), sekolah menengah kejuruan ini memiliki berbagai macam spesialisasi keahlian tertentu. Pendidikan akademik merupakan pendidikan tinggi program sarjana dan pascasarjana yang diarahkan terutama pada penguasaan disiplin ilmu pengetahuan tertentu. Pendidikan profesi merupakan pendidikan tinggi setelah program sarjana yang mempersiapkan peserta didik untuk memasuki suatu profesi atau menjadi seorang profesional. Pendidikan vokasi merupakan pendidikan tinggi yang mempersiapkan peserta didik untuk memiliki pekerjaan dengan keahlian terapan tertentu maksimal dalam jenjang diploma 4 setara dengan program sarjana (strata 1). Pendidikan keagamaan merupakan pendidikan dasar, menengah, dan tinggi yang mempersiapkan peserta didik untuk dapat menjalankan peranan yang menuntut penguasaan pengetahuan dan pengalaman terhadap ajaran agama dan/atau menjadi ahli ilmu agama. Pendidikan khusus merupakan penyelenggaraan pendidikan untuk peserta didik yang berkebutuhan khusus atau peserta didik yang memiliki kecerdasan luar biasa yang diselenggarakan secara inklusif (bergabung dengan sekolah biasa) atau berupa satuan pendidikan khusus pada tingkat pendidikan dasar dan menengah (dalam bentuk sekolah luar biasa/SLB). Jenis ilmu. Mata pelajaran. Jenjang (kelas)#Nama#Nama. SDSMPSMA1. 23. 45. IPA)1. 2 (IPA)1. 1 (IPS)1. IPS)1. Ilmu Pendidikan. Agama. 22. Kewarganegaraan. Jasmani dan Kesehatan. Teknologi Informatika dan Komunikasi. Ilmu Bahasa (dan Sastra)1. Bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Inggris. 23. Bahasa Daerah. 24. Bahasa Asing. 3Ilmu Alam. Matematika. 64. 62. Fisika. 3n/a. 3Biologi. Kimian/a. 36n/a. 4Ilmu Sosial. Sejarah. 21. 32. Geografi. Ekonomi. 4Sosiologin/a. Ilmu Seni (dan Budaya)1. Seni Musik. 1n/a. Seni Rupa. 3Seni Keterampilan. Seni Tari. Total jam mata pelajaran. Jumlah mata pelajaran. Keterangan. Mata pelajaran Fisika dan Biologi tingkat jenjang sekolah dasar dan menengah pertama digabungkan menjadi Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Mata pelajaran Ekonomi dan Geografi tingkat jenjang sekolah dasar dan menengah pertama digabungkan menjadi Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial. Mata pelajaran Seni Rupa, Seni Musik, Seni Keterampilan dan Seni Tari tingkat jenjang sekolah dasar dan menengah pertama digabungkan menjadi Seni Budaya dan Keterampilan (dahulu Kerajinan Tangan dan Kesenian). Jenis ilmu. Mata pelajaran. Jenjang (kelas)#Nama#Nama. SD. Satu tahun pelajaran dibagi ke dalam dua semester. Semester ganjil dimulai dari Juli sampai dengan Desember dan semester genap dari Januari sampai dengan Juni. Posisi semester pada libur lebaran. Semester ganjil. Semester genap. Awal. Berakhir. Awal. Berakhir. Ganjil. Awal Juli. Pertengahan pertama Desember. Awal Januari. Akhir Juni. Genap. Akhir Juli. Pertengahan pertama Desember. Awal Januari. Pertengahan pertama Juli. Tahun ajaran. Semester ganjil. Semester genap. Liburan lebaran. Liburan natal. Liburan semester ganjil. Liburan semester genap. Jul - 1. 4 Des. 6 Jan - 2. Jun. 5 Agus - 1. 7 Agus. Des - 4 Jan. 16 Des - 2. Des. 30 Jun - 5 Jul. Jul - 1. 3 Des. 5 Jan - 2. Jun. 21 Jul - 2 Agus. Des - 3 Jan. 15 Des - 2. Des. 29 Jun - 4 Jul. Jul - 1. 9 Des. 4 Jan - 2. Jun. 13 Jul - 2. 5 Jul. Des - 2 Jan. 6 Jul - 1. Jul. 28 Jun - 3 Jul. Jul - 1. 1 Des. 3 Jan - 2. Jun. 5 Jul - 1. 7 Jul. Des - 1 Jan. 13 Des - 1. Des. 4 Jul - 9 Jul. Jul - 1. 0 Des. 2 Jan - 7 Jul. Jun - 2 Jul. 11 Jun - 2. Jun. 19 Des - 3. 1 Des. Des - 1. 7 Des. 9 Jul - 1. Jul. Keterangan: Yang ditambah 4 minggu adalah selama libur Pra- ujian (2 kali), ujian serta libur bervariasi pada semester genap. Jenjang. Lama waktu (menit) per mata pelajaran. Prasekolah. 35. Sekolah dasar. Sekolah menengah. Sekolah tinggi. 50. Dari kelahiran sampai usia 3 tahun, kanak- kanak Indonesia pada umumnya tidak memiliki akses terhadap pendidikan formal. Dari usia 3 sampai 4 atau 5 tahun, mereka memasuki taman kanak- kanak. Pendidikan ini tidak wajib bagi warga negara Indonesia, tujuan pokoknya adalah untuk mempersiapkan anak didik memasuki sekolah dasar. Dari 4. 9. 0. 00 taman kanak- kanak yang ada di Indonesia, 9. Periode taman kanak- kanak biasanya dibagi ke dalam . Tingkatan pendidikan ini adalah wajib bagi seluruh warga negara Indonesia berdasarkan konstitusi nasional. Tidak seperti taman kanak- kanak yang sebagian besar di antaranya diselenggarakan pihak swasta, justru sebagian besar sekolah dasar diselenggarakan oleh sekolah- sekolah umum yang disediakan oleh negara (disebut . Sama halnya dengan sistem pendidikan di Amerika Serikat dan Australia, para siswa harus belajar selama enam tahun untuk menyelesaikan tahapan ini. Beberapa sekolah memberikan program pembelajaran yang dipercepat, di mana para siswa yang berkinerja bagus dapat menuntaskan sekolah dasar selama lima tahun saja. Sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) dan madrasah tsanawiyah (MTs) adalah bagian dari pendidikan dasar di Indonesia. Setelah tamat dari SD/MI, para siswa dapat memilih untuk memasuki SMP atau MTs selama tiga tahun pada kisaran usia 1. Setelah tiga tahun dan tamat, para siswa dapat meneruskan pendidikan mereka ke sekolah menengah atas (SMA), sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK), atau madrasah aliyah (MA). Siswa SMA dipersiapkan untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya di perguruan tinggi, sedangkan siswa SMK dipersiapkan untuk dapat langsung memasuki dunia kerja tanpa melanjutkan ke tahapan pendidikan selanjutnya. Madrasah aliyah pada dasarnya sama dengan sekolah menengah atas, tetapi porsi kurikulum keagamaannya (dalam hal ini Islam) lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sekolah menengah atas. Jumlah sekolah menengah atas di Indonesia sedikit lebih kecil dari 9. Pendidikan tinggi di Indonesia dibagi ke dalam dua kategori: yakni negeri dan swasta. Kedua- duanya dipandu oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional. 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MEINBERG LANTIME/GPS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS MANUAL Pdf Download. Technical Information Operating Instructions LANTIME / GPS ETX 1. HE.. Contact Information Meinberg Funkuhren Gmb. H & Co. KG Auf der Landwehr 2. D- 3. 18. 12 Bad Pyrmont Telephone: +4. Telefax: +4. 9 (0) 5. Internet: http: //www. E- Mail: info@meinberg. Bad Pyrmont, 7. Februar 2. Table of Contents Quick Start............ Network Timeserver with GPS synchronized time base..... The Modular System LANTIME......... Supported Network Services........ Additional Features and Options......... User Interface............ Options............. Why to use a Network Timeserver....... Network Time Protocol (NTP)......... NTP Target........... NTP- Client Installation......... GPS satellite controlled clock......... SETUP LAN PARAMETERS........ ENABLE OUTPUTS.......... VMware ESXi is the industry-leading, purpose-built bare-metal hypervisor. ESXi installs directly onto your physical server enabling it to be partitioned into multiple. A community-built site of hints and tips on using Apple's new Mac OS X operating system. One major feature that distinguishes ZFS from other file systems is that it is designed with a focus on data integrity by protecting the user's data on disk against. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. SETUP TIME ZONE.......... SETUP DAYLIGHT SAV ON/OFF....... SETUP SERIAL PORT......... SETUP SERIAL STRING TYPE........ SETUP IRIG SETTINGS (option)....... SETUP INITIAL POSITION........ SETUP INITIAL TIME......... IGNORE LOCK.......... INITIATE COLD BOOT......... INITIATE WARM BOOT.......... ANTENNA CABLE.......... User Management.......... Administrative Information......... Software Update.......... Automatic configuration check........ Get Diagnostics Information........ This manual describes the Fully Automatic Installation software. This includes the installation of the packages, setting up the server, creating of the configuration. View and Download Sena Parani MSP1000 user manual online. For Wireless Multi-Serial Communications, based on Bluetooth Technology. Parani MSP1000 Wireless Access. Web interface language......... Configuration: Statistics......... Statistical Information......... Configuration: Manual........... The Command Line Interface......... CLI Ethernet........... CLI Notification............ Is Subversion proprietary software? Several companies (CollabNet, WANdisco, VisualSVN, elego.) pay or have payed. This topic provides information about how to upload logs to create automatic Cloud Discovery reports. Alarm events........... E- mail messages.......... Windows Popup Messages......... SNMP- TRAP messages......... Menu Configuration Files......... Menu Script Files.......... Keypad locking.......... Time Strings........... Format of the Meinberg Standard Time String..... Format of the GPS1. Capture String........ Format of the SAT- Time String......... Format of the Uni Erlangen String (NTP) ...... Format of the NMEA 0. String (RMC)...... Format of the ABB SPA Time String....... Format of the COMPUTIME Time String...... Menu Quick Reference......... Declaration of Conformity......... Manual VP1. 00/NET Display configuration...... Global Configuration File......... Global Option File.......... Third party software.......... Operating System GNU/Linux........ Quick Start - Approximately 3. SERVER NOT READY Wed, 1. NORMAL OPERATION Wed, 1. NTP: Not Ready 1. NTP: not sync 1. 0: 0. If the GPS receiver remains asynchronous (FAIL LED is still on after 1. MENU twice). IRIG time code receiver can be integrated as an internal reference as well as a combination of these references (hybrid system). External references are also possible. LANTIME/GPS is a set of equipment composed of a satellite controlled clock GPS1. Information on the NTPD is monitored on the LC display or can be inquired via the network. Supported Network Services The following network services are provided via RJ4. Base- T Ethernet (Auto sensing): - NTP v. NTP broadcast mode - NTP multicast - NTP symmetric keys - NTP Autokey - Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) - TIME - SNMP v. SNMP- Agent and SNMP- Traps for NTP and reference clock status.. Additional Features and Options - external NTP timeserver - free configuration of NTP: thereby MD5 authentication and access control via address & mask restriction - extended menu guidance for configuration and monitoring via Telnet, SSH or serial terminal interface - optional up to 3 RJ4. Mbit Ethernet interfaces - extended HTTP statistic support with long- term graphic and access statistic to - alarm messages can be displayed on external large display VP1. NET - USB memory stick slot for extended functionality: software update, transfer of.. Why to use a Network Timeserver A network timeserver should be used if accurate time is essential for undisturbed operation. It is possible to synchronize computers in a network using Public Domain Time servers over the Internet, but there are good reasons not to use them: - The possibility to send notification via e- mail or SNMP- Trap to an administrator in the event of any synchronisation failure. XP/2. 00. 0/NT/9. OS2 or MAC. The following WEB site is recommended to get the latest version of NTP: . More information you can find on our web page at . NTP- Client Installation The following example shows the installation of a NTP client under UNIX. First make sure that there is no NTP installed on your computer because many UNIX operating systems include NTP already. The NTP daemon is started with . Status messages during operation are saved in /var/adm/messages and / var/adm/syslog (corresponding to the syslog configuration). The satellite receiver clock GPS1. The clock has been developed for applications where conventional radio controlled clocks can not meet the growing requirements in precision. GPS1. 67 Features The hardware of GPS1. The front panel integrates a 2 x 4. LC display, two LED indicators and 5 push buttons. The receiver is connected to the antenna/converter unit by a 5. They can only be received if no building is in the line- of- sight from the antenna to the satellite, so the antenna/converter unit must be installed in a location from which as much of the sky as possible can be seen. Type N male As short as possible! Type N male CN- UB/E Type N male Meinberg 1. Type N / BNC male Antenna Short- Circuit In case of an antenna line short- circuit the following message appears in the display: ANTENNA SHORT- CIRCUIT.. Booting the GPS receiver If both, the antenna and the power supply, have been connected the system is ready to operate. About 1. 0 seconds after power- up the receiver’s oscillator has warmed up and operates with the required accuracy. If the receiver finds valid almanac and ephemeris data in its battery buffered memory and the receiver’s position has not changed significantly since its last operation the receiver can find out which satellites are in view now. For the synchronisation of the NTPD with the GPS it is necessary that the GPS receiver is synchronous with the GPS time (LOCK LED is turned on). In this case the following message is monitored on the display: GPS: NORMAL OPERATION Wed, 1. NTP: Sync.. Configuration User Interface There are several ways to configure the LANTIME parameters: Command Line Interface (CLI) via TELNET Command Line Interface via SSH Command Line Interface via serial interface terminal (BGT versions only) HTTP Interface Secure HTTP Interface (HTTPS) Front panel LCD Interface SNMP Management To put LANTIME into operation for the first time an IP address is entered via the front panel keys and LC display (refer to: DHCP IPv. AUTOCONF IPv. 6). The Front Panel Layout FAIL LED The FAIL LED is turned on whenever the TIME. The FAIL LED is blinking when an user defined alarm has been set or the internal single board computer is not responding. LOCK LED The LOCK LED is turned on when after power- up the receiver has acquired at least four satellites and has computed its position. Configuration via LC Display On first installation of LANTIME the network parameters can only be configured by the front panels push buttons and the LC display. Press MENU until the SETUP menus appear on the display. The first setup menu are the LAN PARAMETERS. Pressing NEXT further setup menus appear. The menus in Detail Root Menu The root menu is shown when the receiver has completed initialisation after power- up. The left side of the first line of the display shows the receiver’s mode of operation as described above. This menu shows the current receiver position. The NEXT key lets the user select one of three formats. The default format is geographic latitude, longitude and altitude with latitude and longitude displayed in degrees, minutes and seconds. The next format is geographic, too, with latitude and longitude displayed in degrees with fractions of degrees. Menu SV POSITION This menu gives information on the currently selected satellite (SV). The satellite’s ID number, its elevation, azimuth and distance from the receiver position reflect the satellite’s position in the sky whereas the Doppler shows whether the satellite is coming up from the horizon (Doppler positive) or going down to the horizon (Doppler negative). SETUP LAN PARAMETERS In this submenu the network parameters are configured. These parameters have to be adapted to the existing network when the LANTIME is installed the first time. The following parameters can be set: TCP/IP ADDRESS, NETMASK, DEFAULT GATEWAY, Ext. SETUP TIME ZONE This menu lets the user enter the names of the local time zone with daylight saving disabled and enabled, together with the zones. The left part of the display shows the zone and offset if daylight saving is off whereas the right part shows name and offset if daylight saving is on. SETUP DAYLIGHT SAV ON/OFF These two topics let the user enter the range of date for daylight saving to be in effect. Concerning parameter input both topics are handled identically, so they are described together in this chapter. Beginning and ending of daylight saving may either be defined by exact dates for a single year or using an algorithm which allows the receiver to re- compute the effective dates year by year. This topic is used to select one of several different types of serial time strings or the capture string for each serial port. The following time strings can be selected. All time strings are described in the appendix at the end of this documentation. Meinberg Standard String GPS1. Capture String SAT String UNI- Erlangen String.. SETUP IRIG SETTINGS (option) This menu lets the user select the Timecodes to be generated by GPS1. TC. Most IRIG- Codes do not carry any time zone information, hence UTC is selected for output by default. If desired, the clocks local time can be output by selecting . The user has to acknowledge this menu again before the initialisation starts. The system starts operating in the COLD BOOT mode and seeks for a satellite to read its actual parameters. ZFS - Wikipedia. ZFSDeveloper(s)Oracle Corporation. Full name. ZFSIntroduced. November 2. 00. 5 with Open. Solaris. Structures. Directory contents. Extensible hash table. Limits. Max. The features of ZFS include protection against data corruption, support for high storage capacities, efficient data compression, integration of the concepts of filesystem and volume management, snapshots and copy- on- write clones, continuous integrity checking and automatic repair, RAID- Z and native NFSv. ACLs. The ZFS name is registered as a trademark of Oracle Corporation. ZFS became a standard feature of Solaris 1. June 2. 00. 6. In 2. Oracle stopped the releasing of source code for new Open. Solaris and ZFS development, effectively forking their closed- source development from the open- source branch. In response, Open. ZFS was created as a new open- source development umbrella project. The user sees this as a single volume, containing an NTFS- formatted drive of their data, and NTFS is not necessarily aware of the manipulations that may be required (such as rebuilding the RAID array if a disk fails). The management of the individual devices and their presentation as a single device, is distinct from the management of the files held on that apparent device. ZFS is unusual, because unlike most other storage systems, it unifies both of these roles and acts as both the volume manager and the file system. Therefore, it has complete knowledge of both the physical disks and volumes (including their condition, status, their logical arrangement into volumes, and also of all the files stored on them). ZFS is designed to ensure (subject to suitable hardware) that data stored on disks cannot be lost due to physical error or misprocessing by the hardware or operating system, or bit rot events and data corruption which may happen over time, and its complete control of the storage system is used to ensure that every step, whether related to file management or disk management, is verified, confirmed, corrected if needed, and optimized, in a way that storage controller cards, and separate volume and file managers cannot achieve. ZFS also includes a mechanism for snapshots and replication, including snapshot cloning; the former is described by the Free. BSD documentation as one of its . Snapshots can be rolled back . Checksums are stored with a block's parent block, rather than with the block itself. This contrasts with many file systems where checksums (if held) are stored with the data so that if the data is lost or corrupt, the checksum is also likely to be lost or incorrect. Can store a user- specified number of copies of data or metadata, or selected types of data, to improve the ability to recover from data corruption of important files and structures. Automatic rollback of recent changes to the file system and data, in some circumstances, in the event of an error or inconsistency. Automated and (usually) silent self- healing of data inconsistencies and write failure when detected, for all errors where the data is capable of reconstruction. Data can be reconstructed using all of the following: error detection and correction checksums stored in each block's parent block; multiple copies of data (including checksums) held on the disk; write intentions logged on the SLOG (ZIL) for writes that should have occurred but did not occur (after a power failure); parity data from RAID/RAIDZ disks and volumes; copies of data from mirrored disks and volumes. Native handling of standard RAID levels and additional ZFS RAID layouts (. The RAIDZ levels stripe data across only the disks required, for efficiency (many RAID systems stripe indiscriminately across all devices), and checksumming allows rebuilding of inconsistent or corrupted data to be minimised to those blocks with defects; Native handling of tiered storage and caching devices, which is usually a volume related task. Because it also understands the file system, it can use file- related knowledge to inform, integrate and optimize its tiered storage handling which a separate device cannot; Native handling of snapshots and backup/replication which can be made efficient by integrating the volume and file handling. ZFS can routinely take snapshots several times an hour of the data system, efficiently and quickly. For example, synchronous writes which are capable of slowing down the storage system can be converted to asynchronous writes by being written to a fast separate caching device, known as the SLOG (sometimes called the ZIL - ZFS Intent Log). Highly tunable - many internal parameters can be configured for optimal functionality. Can be used for high availability clusters and computing, although not fully designed for this use. Inappropriately specified systems. It expects or is designed with the assumption of a specific kind of hardware environment. If the system is not suitable for ZFS, then ZFS may underperform significantly. Common system design failures: Inadequate RAM — ZFS may use a large amount of memory in many scenarios; Inadequate disk free space — ZFS uses copy on write for data storage; its performance may suffer if the disk pool gets too close to full; No efficient dedicated SLOG device, when synchronous writing is prominent — this is notably the case for NFS and ESXi; even SSD based systems may need a separate SLOG device for expected performance. The SLOG device is only used for writing apart from when recovering from a system error. It can often be small (for example, in Free. NAS, the SLOG device only needs to store the largest amount of data likely to be written in about 1. SLOG is therefore unusual in that its main criteria are pure write functionality, low latency, and loss protection - usually little else matters. Lack of suitable caches, or misdesigned caches — for example, ZFS can cache read data in RAM (. While routine for other filing systems, ZFS handles RAID natively, and is designed to work with a raw and unmodified low level view of storage devices, so it can fully use its functionality. A separate RAID card may leave ZFS less efficient and reliable. For example ZFS checksums all data, but most RAID cards will not do this as effectively, or for cached data. Separate cards can also mislead ZFS about the state of data, for example after a crash, or by mis- signalling exactly when data has safely been written, and in some cases this can lead to issues and data loss. Separate cards can also slow down the system, sometimes greatly, by adding latency to every data read/write operation, or by undertaking full rebuilds of damaged arrays where ZFS would have only needed to do minor repairs of a few seconds. ZFS terminology and storage structure. The vdev is an essential part of ZFS resilience, since it provides redundancy against physical device failure within ZFS. Therefore, it is easiest to describe ZFS physical storage by first looking at vdevs. Each vdev can be one of: a single device, ormultiple devices in a mirrored configuration, ormultiple devices in a ZFS RAID (. Devices might not be in a vdev if they are unused spare disks, offline disks, or cache devices. Each vdev that the user defines, is completely independent from every other vdev, so different types of vdev can be mixed arbitrarily in a single ZFS system. If data redundancy is required (so that data is protected against physical device failure), then this is ensured by the user when they organize devices into vdevs, either by using a mirrored vdev or a Raid. Z vdev. Data on a single device vdev may be lost if the device develops a fault. Data on a mirrored or Raid. Z vdev will only be lost if enough disks fail at the same time (or before the system has resilvered any replacements due to recent disk failures). A ZFS vdev will continue to function in service if it is capable of providing at least one copy of the data stored on it, although it may become slower due to error fixing and resilvering, as part of its self- repair and data integrity processes. However ZFS is designed to not become unreasonably slow due to self- repair (unless directed to do so by an administrator) since one of its goals is to be capable of uninterrupted continual use even during self checking and self repair. Since ZFS device redundancy is at vdev level, this also means that if a pool is stored across several vdevs, and one of these vdevs completely fails, then the entire pool content will be lost. This is similar to other RAID and redundancy systems, which require the data to be stored or capable of reconstruction from enough other devices to ensure data is unlikely to be lost due to physical devices failing. Therefore, it is intended that vdevs should be made of either mirrored devices or a Raid. Z array of devices, with sufficient redundancy, for important data, so that ZFS can automatically limit and where possible avoid data loss if a device fails. Backups and replication are also an expected part of data protection. Vdevs can be manipulated while in active use. A single disk can have additional devices added to create a mirrored vdev, and a mirrored vdev can have physical devices added or removed to leave a larger or smaller number of mirrored devices, or a single device. A Raid. Z vdev cannot be converted to or from a mirror, although additional vdevs can always be added to expand storage capacity (which can be any kind including Raid. Z). A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de- allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced. Of note, the devices in a vdev do not have to be the same size, but ZFS may not use the full capacity of all disks in a vdev, if some are larger than other. This only applies to devices within a single vdev. As vdevs are independent, ZFS does not care if different vdevs have different sizes or are built from different devices. Also as a vdev cannot be shrunk in size, it is common to set aside a small amount of unused space (for example 1- 2. Ramsinks. Back. Rex. Outlook Express and Outlook backup. Most features in the free version. Mozbackup. Simple utility for creating backups of Firefox. Thunderbird profiles. It allows you to backup. IMAPSize. A great tool to transfer Thunderbird e- mail. 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